HANDBOOK OF APPLIED OPTIMIZATION
Handbook of Applied Optimization cover
 
EDITED BY Panos M. Pardalos and Mauricio G. C. Resende
Copyright © 2002 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 
198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 U.S.A.


 

 
                                  
 

Preface

Optimization is a basic tool in applied research, engineering, business, and the sciences. In the last decade, algorithmic advances as well as hardware and software improvements have provided an excellent framework on which to build optimization-based decision support systems, as well as multidiscipline design tools. Despite the dynamic state of applied optimization, we feel that the time is ripe to bring together in one volume the major algorithmic and software advances in this field. Leading experts in applied optimization have contributed to this volume. The Handbook of Applied Optimization is aimed at engineers, scientists, operations researchers, and other applications specialists who are looking for the most appropriate and recent optimization tools to solve particular problems. The handbook provides a broad spectrum of advances in applied optimization with a focus on the algorithmic and computational aspect of this field.

The handbook consists of three main parts: algorithms, applications, and software. In the algorithms section of the handbook, the important algorithms in the major fields of optimization are described. The purpose of the section on applications is to provide the practitioner with a description of the relevant optimization issues in a number of specific application areas. We include overview articles discussing broad problem types, such as scheduling, vehicle routing, network design, bin packing, inventory management, travelling salesman, satisfiability, location, and assignment problems, as well as some examples of applied optimization in specific areas. These applications cover a broad spectrum of fields, such as transportation, agriculture, manufacturing, aerospace, telecommunications, energy, biology, finance, and the environment. In the software section of the handbook, the tools of applied optimization are described, with an emphasis on practical details: how to implement and test optimization algorithms, use existing optimization packages and the Internet, and use modelling languages to build optimization systems. We would like to take the opportunity to thank Oxford University Press for inviting us to edit this handbook, the authors for their contributions, and the anonymous referees for their valuable comments and suggestions.

Panos M. Pardalos and Mauricio G. C. Resende 

 
CONTENTS 
Preface xiii
	Panos M. Pardalos and Mauricio G. C. Resende
Introduction xv
	Panos M. Pardalos and Mauricio G. C. Resende
 
PART ONE: ALGORITHMS
1 Linear Programming 1 
        1.1 Introduction 1 [abstract]
		Tamas Terlaky
	1.2 Simplex-Type Algorithms 7 [abstract] 
		Tamas Terlaky
	1.3 Interior-Point Methods for Linear Optimization 21 [abstract]
		Kees Roos
2 Semidefinite Programming 40 [abstract] 
	Henry Wolkowicz
3 Combinatorial Optimization 51 
	3.1 Introduction 51 [abstract]
		Panos M. Pardalos and Mauricio G. C. Resende
	3.2 Branch-and-Bound Methods 53 [abstract]
		Eva K. Lee
	3.3 Branch-and-Cut Algorithms for Combinatorial Optimization 
	    Problems 65 [abstract]
		John E. Mitchell 
	3.4 Dynamic Programming Approaches 78 [abstract]
		Augustine O. Esogbue
	3.5 Local Search 104 [abstract]
		Mutsunori Yagiura and Toshihide Ibaraki
	3.6 Metaheuristics 123
		3.6.1 Introduction 123 [abstract]
			Bruce L. Golden and Edward A. Wasil
		3.6.2 Ant Systems 130 [abstract]
			Éric D. Taillard
		3.6.3 Population Heuristics 138 [abstract]
			John E. Beasley
		3.6.4 Memetic Algorithms 157 [abstract]
			Pablo Moscato
		3.6.5 Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures 168 [abstract]
			Leonidas S. Pitsoulis and Mauricio G. C. Resende
		3.6.6 Scatter Search 183 [abstract]
			Manuel Laguna
		3.6.7 Tabu Search 194 [abstract]
			Fred Glover and Manuel Laguna
		3.6.8 Simulated Annealing 209 [abstract]
			E. H. L. Aarts and H. M. M. Ten Eikelder
		3.6.9 Variable Neighborhood Search 221 [abstract]
			Pierre Hansen and Nenad Mladenovic
4 Quadratic Programming 235 [abstract]
	Yinyu Ye
5 Nonlinear Programming 263 
	5.1 Introduction 263 [abstract]
		Gianni Di Pillo and Laura Palagi
	5.2 Unconstrained Nonlinear Programming 268 [abstract]
		Gianni Di Pillo and Laura Palagi
	5.3 Constrained Nonlinear Programming 285 [abstract]
		Gianni Di Pillo and Laura Palagi
	5.4 Nonsmooth Optimization 299 [abstract]
		Manlio Gaudioso
6 Deterministic Global Optimization and Its Applications 311 [abstract]
	Christodoulos A. Floudas
7 Decomposition Methods for Mathematical Programming 337 [abstract]
	Philippe Mahey
8 Network Optimization 352
	8.1 Introduction 352 [abstract]
		Ravindra K. Ahuja, Thomas L. Magnanti, and 
		James B. Orlin
	8.2 Maximum Flow Problem 363 [abstract]
		Ravindra K. Ahuja, Thomas L. Magnanti, and 
		James B. Orlin
	8.3 Shortest-Path Algorithms 375 [abstract]
		Edith Cohen
	8.4 Minimum-Cost Single-Commodity Flow 386 [abstract]
		S. Thomas McCormick
	8.5 Minimum-Cost Multicommodity Flow 404 [abstract]
		Pierre Chardaire and Abdel Lisser
	8.6 Minimum Spanning Tree Problem 422 [abstract]
		Ravindra K. Ahuja, Thomas L. Magnanti, and 
		James B. Orlin
9 Integer Programming 431
	9.1 Introduction 431 [abstract]
		Nelson Maculan
	9.2 Linear 0- 1 Programming 440 [abstract]
		Nelson Maculan
	9.3 Pseudo-Boolean Optimization 445 [abstract]
		Yves Crama and Peter L. Hammer
	9.4 Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Optimization 451 [abstract]
		Christodoulos A. Floudas
	9.5 Lagrangian Relaxation 465 [abstract]
		Monique Guignard
	9.6 Heuristics for 0 - 1 Mixed-Integer Programming 474 [abstract]
		Arne Lřkketangen
10 Artificial Neural Networks in Optimization and Applications 478 [abstract]
	Theodore B. Trafalis and Suat Kasap 
11 Stochastic Programming 491 [abstract]
	John R. Birge
12 Hierarchical Optimization 502 [abstract]
	Hoang Tuy
13 Complementarity and Related Problems 514 [abstract]
	Michael C. Ferris and Christian Kanzow
14 Data Envelopment Analysis 531 [abstract]
	José H. Dulá
15 Parallel Algorithms in Optimization 544 [abstract]
	Yair Censor and Stavros A. Zenios 
16 Randomization in Discrete Optimization: Annealing Algorithms 560 [abstract]
	Sanguthevar Rajasekaran
 
PART TWO: APPLICATIONS
17 Problem Types 569
	17.1 Optimization and Heuristics of Scheduling 569 [abstract]
		Chung-Yee Lee and Michael Pinedo
	17.2 The Vehicle Routing Problem 584 [abstract]
		John E. Beasley, Abilio Lucena, and Marcus Poggi de Aragăo
	17.3 Network Designs: Approximations for Steiner Minimum Trees 595 [abstract]
		Ding-Zhu Du 
	17.4 Approximate Solutions to Bin Packing Problems 607 [abstract]
		Edward G. Coffman, Jr., Janos Csirik, and Gerhard J. Woeginger
	17.5 The Traveling Salesman Problem 616 [abstract]
		Rainer E. Burkard
	17.6 Inventory Management 624 [abstract]
		Dukwon Kim and Boghos D. Sivazlian
	17.7 Location 632 [abstract]
		Zvi Drezner
	17.8 Algorithms for the Satisfiability (SAT) Problem 640 [abstract]
		Jun Gu, Paul W. Purdom, John Franco, and Benjamin W. Wah
	17.9 Assignment Problems 661 [abstract]
		Eranda Çela
18 Application Areas 679 
	18.1 Transportation and Logistics 679 [abstract]
		Warren B. Powell
	18.2 Airline Optimization 689 [abstract]
		Gang Yu and Benjamin G. Thengvall
	18.3 Optimization in the Rail Industry 704 [abstract]
		Alexandra M. Newman, Linda K. Nozick, and Candace Arai Yano
	18.4 Forestry Industry 719 [abstract]
		Andres Weintraub Pohorille and John Hof
	18.5 Manufacturing Planning and Control 728 [abstract]
		Stephen C. Graves
	18.6 Semiconductor Production Planning 746 [abstract] 
		Robert C. Leachman
	18.7 Optimization in the Aerospace Industry 763 [abstract]
		Matthew E. Berge, John T. Betts, Sharon K. Filipowski, 
		William P. Huffman, and David P. Young
	18.8 Energy 770
		18.8.1 Optimization in Electrical Power Systems 770 [abstract]
			Gerson Couto de Oliveira, Sergio Granville, and 
			Mario Pereira
		18.8.2 Optimization Applications in Oil and Gas Recovery 808 [abstract]
			Roland N. Horne
		18.8.3 Natural Gas Pipeline Optimization 813 [abstract]
			Roger Z. Ríos-Mercado
	18.9 Optimization of Telecommunications Networks 826 [abstract]
		G. Anandalingam
	18.10 Optimization of Test Intervals in Nuclear Engineering 841 [abstract]
		Stanislav Uryasev
	18.11 Optimization in VLSI Design: Target Distance Models for Cell 
	      Placement 851 [abstract]
		Hussein A. Y. Etawil and Anthony Vannelli 
	18.12 Optimization Models in Transportation Planning 870 [abstract]
		Michael Florian and Donald W. Hearn
	18.13 Optimization in Computational Molecular Biology 885 [abstract]
		Guoliang Xue
	18.14 Optimization in the Financial Services Industry 901 [abstract]
		Anna Nagurney
	18.15 Applied Large-Scale Nonlinear Optimization for Optimal Control 
	      of Partial Differential Equations and Differential Algebraic 
	      Equations 918 [abstract]
		J. B. Rosen, John H. Glick, and E. Michael Gertz
	18.16 Optimization in Water Reservoir Systems 933 [abstract]
		Kumaraswamy Ponnambalam
	18.17 Optimization Problems in Air-Pollution Modeling 943 [abstract]
		Ivan Dimov and Zahari Zlatev
	18.18 Applied Optimization in Agriculture 957 [abstract]
		Charles B. Moss
	18.19 Optimization in Graph Drawing 967 [abstract]
		Petra Mutzel
	18.20 Optimization for Modeling of Nonlinear Interactions in 
	      Mechanics 978 [abstract]
		G. E. Stavroulakis 
 
PART THREE: SOFTWARE
19 Optimization Modeling Languages 993 [abstract]
	Emmanuel Fragniere and Jacek Gondzio
20 Optimization Software Packages 1008 [abstract]
	Stephen J. Wright
21 Optimization Software Libraries 1016 [abstract]
	Andreas Fink, Stefan Voss, and David L. Woodruff
22 Optimization Test Problem Libraries 1025 [abstract]
	John E. Beasley
23 Parallel Computing Environments 1029 [abstract]
	Simone de L. Martins, Celso C. Ribeiro, and Noemi Rodriguez
24 Experimental Analysis of Optimization Algorithms 1044 [abstract]
	Catherine C. McGeoch
25 Object-Oriented Programming 1053 [abstract]
	Andreas Fink, Stefan Voss, and David L. Woodruff
26 Optimization and the Internet 1063 [abstract]
	Michael A. Trick



Directory of Contributors 1071 
Index 1077
 
 
 
CONTRIBUTORS

E. H. L. Aarts
    Department Head, Philips Research Laboratories; and Professor of Computing
    Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
Ravindra K. Ahuja
    Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Florida,
    Gainesville
G. Anandalingam
    Professor of Management Science, R. H. Smith School of Business and
    Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park
John E. Beasley
    Senior Lecturer in Operations Research, The Management School, Imperial
    College, London, United Kingdom
Matthew E. Berge
    Technical Fellow, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington
John T. Betts
    Technical Fellow, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington
John R. Birge
    Dean, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern
    University, Evanston, Illinois
Rainer E. Burkard
    Professor of Mathematics, Technische Universita"t Graz, Austria
Eranda Çela
    Assistant Professor of Applied Mathematics, Institut fu"r Mathematik,
    Technische Universita"t Graz, Austria
Yair Censor
    Professor of Mathematics, University of Haifa, Israel
Pierre Chardaire
    Reader in Computer Science, School of Information Systems, University
    of East Anglia, United Kingdom
Edward G. Coffman, Jr.
    Professor of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York
Edith Cohen
    Technology Consultant, AT&T Labs Research, Florham Park, New Jersey
Gerson Couto de Oliveira
    Consultant of Power Systems Research, Inc., and Professor of Electrical
    Engineering, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Yves Crama
    Professor of Operations Research and Production Management, Ecole
    d'Administration des Affaires, University of Lie`ge, Belgium
János Csirik
    Professor of Computer Science, József Attila University of Szeged,
    Hungary
Ivan Dimov
    Professor, and Director of the Central Laboratory for Parallel Processing,
    Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia
Gianni Di Pillo
    Professor in Operations Research, Universitŕ di Roma "La Sapienza," Italy
Zvi Drezner
    Professor of Management Science, California State University, Fullerton
Ding-Zhu Du
    Professor of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis;
    and Research Professor, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Chinese Academy
    of Sciences, Beijing
José H. Dulá
    Associate Professor of Production and Operations Management, School of
    Business Administration, University of Mississippi
Augustine O. Esogbue
    Professor, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute
    of Technology, Atlanta
Hussein A. Y. Etawil
    Senior Member of the Technical Staff, Sequence Design Incorporated,
    Santa Clara, California
Michael C. Ferris
    Professor of Computer Sciences and Industrial Engineering, University
    of Wisconsin, Madison
Sharon K. Filipowski
    Mathematics and Modeling Analyst, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington
Andreas Fink
    Staff Member, Department of Business Administration, Information Systems,
    and Information Management, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
Michael Florian
    Professor of Operations Research, Center for Research on Transportation,
    University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Christodoulos A. Floudas
    Professor of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, New Jersey
Emmanuel Fragničre
    Lecturer of Management Science, University of Bath, United Kingdom
John Franco
    Geier Professor of Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Ohio
Manlio Gaudioso
    Professor of Operations Research, Universitŕ della Calabria, Rende, Italy
E. Michael Gertz
    Postdoctoral Researcher, Northwestern University and Argonne National
    Laboratory, Illinois
John H. Glick
    Associate Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of
    San Diego, California
Fred Glover
    MediaOne Professor of Systems Science, School of Business, University
    of Colorado, Boulder
Bruce L. Golden
    Professor and France-Merrick Chair in Management Science, University of
    Maryland, College Park
Jacek Gondzio
    Reader in Computational Optimization, University of Edinburgh, United
    Kingdom
Sergio Granville
    Technical Director of Power Systems Research, Inc., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Stephen C. Graves
    Abraham J. Siegel Professor of Management Science and Engineering Systems,
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Jun Gu
    Professor of Computer Science, Hong Kong University of Science and
    Technology, Kowloon
Monique Guignard
    Professor of Operations and Information Management, The Wharton School;
    and Professor of Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania,
    Philadelphia
Peter L. Hammer
    Professor, Rutcor, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Pierre Hansen
    Professor of Operations Research, École des Hautes Études Commerciales;
    and Groupe d'etudes et de recherches en analyse des decisions (GERAD),
    Montréal, Québec, Canada
Donald W. Hearn
    Professor and Chair, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering,
    and Co-Director, Center for Applied Optimization, University of Florida,
    Gainesville
John Hof
    Chief Economist, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service,
    Fort Collins, Colorado
Roland N. Horne
    Professor and Chairman, Petroleum Engineering, Stanford University,
    California
William P. Huffman
    Mathematics and Modeling Analyst, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington
Toshihide Ibaraki
    Professor of Informatics, Kyoto University, Japan
Christian Kanzow
    Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, University of Hamburg,
    Germany
Suat Kasap
    Graduate Assistant, School of Industrial Engineering, University of
    Oklahoma, Norman
Dukwon Kim
    Member of the Center for Applied Optimization, University of Florida,
    Gainesville
Manuel Laguna
    Associate Professor of Operations Management, Graduate School of Business
    Administration, University of Colorado, Boulder
Robert C. Leachman
    Professor of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University
    of California, Berkeley
Chung-Yee Lee
    Professor of Industrial Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station
Eva K. Lee
    Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of
    Medicine; and Assistant Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering,
    Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
Abdel Lisser
    Head of Research and Development Group, France Telecom, Issy-Moulineaux
Arne Lřkketangen
    Professor of Informatics, Molde College, Norway
Abilio Lucena
    Full Professor, Departamento de Administraçăo, Universidade Federal
    do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Nelson Maculan
    Professor of Systems Engineering and Computer Science, Federal University
    of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Thomas L. Magnanti
    Dean of Engineering and Institute Professor, Massachusetts Institute of
    Technology, Cambridge
Philippe Mahey
    Professor, Institut Supérieur d'Informatique de Modélisation et de
    leurs Applications (ISIMA), Université de Clermont Ferrand II, and LIMOS,
    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aubičre, France
Simone de L. Martins
    Assistant Researcher, Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Applied
    Mathematics, The National Laboratory of Scientific Computation, LNCC,
    Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
S. Thomas McCormick
    W. J. Van Dusen Professor of Management, University of British Columbia,
    Vancouver, Canada
Catherine C. McGeoch
    Professor of Computer Science, Amherst College, Massachusetts
John E. Mitchell
    Associate Professor of Mathematical Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic
    Institute, Troy, New York
Nenad Mladenovic
    Higher Scientific Associate, Mathematical Institute, Serbian Academy of
    Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Pablo Moscato
    Research Scientist, Meme Pool Project, Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
    Brazil
Charles B. Moss
    Professor of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida,
    Gainesville
Petra Mutzel
    Professor for Algorithms and Data Structures, Vienna University of
    Technology, Austria
Anna Nagurney
    John F. Smith Memorial Professor, Department of Finance and Operations
    Management, Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts,
    Amherst
Alexandra M. Newman
    Assistant Professor of Operations Research, Division of Economics and
    Business, Colorado School of Mines, Golden
Linda K. Nozick
    Associate Professor of Systems Engineering, School of Civil and
    Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
James B. Orlin
    Edward Pennell Brooks Professor of Operations Research, Massachusetts
    Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Laura Palagi
    Researcher in Operations Research, Universitŕ di Roma "La Sapienza,"
    Italy
Panos M. Pardalos
    Professor and Co-Director, Center for Applied Optimization, Industrial
    and Systems Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville
Mario Pereira
    President of Power Systems Research, Inc., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Michael Pinedo
    Professor of Operations Management, Stern School of Business, New York
    University, New York
Leonidas S. Pitsoulis
    Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, University of the Aegean,
    Greece
Marcus Poggi de Aragăo
    Professor of Computer Science, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,
    Brazil
Kumaraswamy Ponnambalam
    Associate Professor of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo,
    Ontario, Canada
Warren B. Powell
    Professor of Operations Research and Financial Engineering, Princeton
    University, New Jersey
Paul W. Purdom
    Professor of Computer Science, Indiana University at Bloomington
Sanguthevar Rajasekaran
    Professor of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University
    of Florida, Gainesville
Mauricio G. C. Resende
    Technology Consultant, Algorithms and Optimization Research Department,
    AT&T Labs Research, Florham Park, New Jersey
Celso C. Ribeiro
    Professor of Computer Science, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,
    Brazil
Roger Z. Ríos-Mercado
    Assistant Professor, Systems Engineering Program, Universidad Autónoma
    de Nuevo León, San Nicola's de los Garza, Mexico
Noemi Rodriguez
    Associate Professor, Computer Science Department, Catholic University
    of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Kees Roos
    Professor of Applied Mathematics, Department of Information Technology
    and Systems, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
J. B. Rosen
    Adjunct Research Professor of Computer Science, University of California,
    San Diego
Boghos D. Sivazlian
    Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Florida,
    Gainesville
G. E. Stavroulakis
    Associate Professor of Mechanics, University of Ioannina, Greece; and
    Privatdozent for Mechanics, Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany
Éric D. Taillard
    Director of the Institute for Applied Computer Sciences, E'cole
    d'Inge'nieurs du Canton de Vaud (EIVD), University of Applied Sciences
    of Western Switzerland, Yverdon
H. M. M. Ten Eikelder
    Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of
    Technology, Netherlands
Tamás Terlaky
    Professor of Optimization, Department of Computing and Software,
    Information Technology Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,
    Canada
Benjamin G. Thengvall
    Operations Research Scientist, CALEB Technologies Corporation, Austin,
    Texas
    
Theodore B. Trafalis
    Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering, University of Oklahoma,
    Norman
Michael A. Trick
    Associate Professor of Operations Research, Graduate School of Industrial
    Administration, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Hoang Tuy
    Professor of Mathematics, Institute of Mathematics, National Center for
    Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Stanislav Uryasev
    Associate Professor, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering,
    University of Florida, Gainesville
Andrés Weintraub Pohorille
    Professor of Industrial Engineering, University of Chile, Santiago
Anthony Vannelli
    Professor and Chair, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
    University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Stefan Voss
    Professor of Business Administration, Information Systems, and Information
    Management, Technische Universita"t Braunschweig, Germany
Benjamin W. Wah
    R. T. Chien Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
    of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Edward A. Wasil
    Professor of Management Science, Kogod School of Business, American
    University, Washington, D.C.
Gerhard J. Woeginger
    Professor of Mathematics, Technische Universita"t Graz, Austria
Henry Wolkowicz
    Professor of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
David L. Woodruff
    Professor of Management, University of California, Davis
Stephen J. Wright
    Professor of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Guoliang Xue
    Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Arizona State
    University, Tempe
Mutsunori Yagiura
    Lecturer, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Japan
Candace Arai Yano
    Professor of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University
    of California, Berkeley
Yinyu Ye
    Henry B. Tippie Research Professor, Department of Management Sciences,
    University of Iowa, Iowa City
David P. Young
    Technical Fellow, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington
Gang Yu
    Professor of Management Science and Information Systems, University of
    Texas at Austin
Stavros A. Zenios
    Professor of Management Science, and Dean of the School of Economics
    and Management, University of Cyprus, Nicosia
Zahari Zlatev
    Senior Researcher, Department for Atmospheric Environment, National
    Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark